Condensed Matter
Solids, liquids, superconductors, and everyday materials
Physics: Oersted discovers link between electricity and magnetism
1820: Oersted discovers link between electricity and magnetism Hans Christian Ørsted (Danish: [ˈɶɐ̯steð] ; 14 August 1777 – 9 March 1851), sometimes transliterated as Oersted ( UR-sted), was a Danish chemist and physicist who discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields.
Read commentary →Physics: Klaus von Klitzing
Klaus von Klitzing (1943) Klaus von Klitzing (German: [ˈklaʊs fɔn ˈklɪtsɪŋ] ; born 28 June 1943) is a German physicist, known for discovery of the integer quantum Hall effect, for which he was awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Read commentary →Physics: Davisson–Germer experiment
Davisson–Germer experiment By: Davisson and Germer (1927) The Davisson–Germer experiment was conducted from 1923 to 1927 by Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer at Western Electric (later Bell Labs).
Read commentary →Physics: Magnetic flux
Magnetic flux Form: Φ = BA cos θ In physics, specifically electromagnetism, the magnetic flux through a surface is the surface integral of the normal component of the magnetic field B over that surface.
Read commentary →Physics: 1973 Nobel Prize in Physics
1973 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever, Brian David Josephson Their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively / for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects.
Read commentary →Physics: 1991 Nobel Prize in Physics
1991 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Pierre-Gilles de Gennes Discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers.
Read commentary →Physics: 1914 Nobel Prize in Physics
1914 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Max von Laue His discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals.
Read commentary →Physics: 1985 Nobel Prize in Physics
1985 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Klaus von Klitzing The discovery of the quantized Hall effect.
Read commentary →Physics: Integrated circuit
Integrated circuit An integrated circuit (IC), also known as a microchip or simply chip, is a compact assembly of electronic circuits formed from various electronic components, such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors, and their interconnections.
Read commentary →Physics: Superconductivity
Superconductivity Superconductivity is a set of physical properties observed in superconductors: materials where electrical resistance vanishes and magnetic fields are expelled from the material.
Read commentary →Physics: Electric field
Electric field An electric field (sometimes called E-field) is a physical field that surrounds electrically charged particles such as electrons.
Read commentary →Physics: 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics
2000 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Zhores I. Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, Jack S. Kilby Developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics / for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit.
Read commentary →Physics: Spring (device)
Spring (device) A spring is a device consisting of an elastic but largely rigid material (typically metal) bent or molded into a form (especially a coil) that can return into shape after being compressed, extended or twisted.
Read commentary →Physics: Semiconductor
Semiconductor A semiconductor is a material with electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator.
Read commentary →Physics: 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics
1956 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain Their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect.
Read commentary →Physics: 1972 Nobel Prize in Physics
1972 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper, John Robert Schrieffer Their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory.
Read commentary →Physics: 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics
1902 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, Pieter Zeeman In recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena.
Read commentary →Physics: 1987 Nobel Prize in Physics
1987 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: J. Georg Bednorz, K. Alexander Müller Their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials.
Read commentary →Physics: Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday (1791) Michael Faraday ( FAYR-uh-day; 22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English chemist and physicist who contributed vastly to the study of electrochemistry and electromagnetism.
Read commentary →Physics: 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics
1970 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén, Louis Eugène Félix Néel Fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro-dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics / for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics.
Read commentary →Physics: Plasma (physics)
Plasma (physics) Plasma (from Ancient Greek πλάσμα (plásma) 'that which has been formed or moulded or the result of forming or moulding') is a state of matter that results from a gaseous state having undergone some degree of ionization.
Read commentary →Physics: 1937 Nobel Prize in Physics
1937 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Clinton Joseph Davisson, George Paget Thomson Their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals.
Read commentary →Physics: Faraday's law
Faraday's law Form: ε = -dΦ/dt In electromagnetism, Faraday's law of induction describes how a changing magnetic field can induce an electric current in a circuit.
Read commentary →Physics: Conductance quantum
Conductance quantum G₀ = 7.748×10⁻⁵ S The quantum Hall effect (or integer quantum Hall effect) is a quantized version of the Hall effect which is observed in two-dimensional electron systems subjected to low temperatures and strong magnetic fields, in which the Hall resistance Rxy exhibits steps that take on the quantized values R x
Read commentary →Physics: Permittivity of free space
Permittivity of free space ε₀ = 8.854×10⁻¹² F/m In electromagnetism, the absolute permittivity, often simply called permittivity and denoted by the Greek letter ε (epsilon), is a measure of the electric polarizability of a dielectric material.
Read commentary →Physics: Superfluidity
Superfluidity Superfluidity is the characteristic property of a fluid with zero viscosity which therefore flows without any loss of kinetic energy.
Read commentary →Physics: Hall effect
Hall effect The Hall effect is the production of a potential difference, across an electrical conductor, that is transverse to an electric current in the conductor and to an applied magnetic field perpendicular to the current.
Read commentary →Physics: Leo Esaki
Leo Esaki (1925) Leo Esaki (born March 12, 1925) is a Japanese solid-state physicist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physics with Ivar Giaever and Brian Josephson for his work on tunneling in semiconductors, which led to his invention of the tunnel diode that exploits this phenomenon.
Read commentary →Physics: Transistor
Transistor A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and power.
Read commentary →Physics: Ampere's circuital law
Ampere's circuital law In classical electromagnetism, Ampère's circuital law, often simply called Ampère's law, and sometimes Oersted's law, relates the circulation of a magnetic field around a closed loop to the electric current passing through that loop.
Read commentary →Physics: Magnetic field
Magnetic field Form: B = μ₀I/2πr In electromagnetism, magnetic field is a physical property of space that quantifies the magnetic strength at a given location.
Read commentary →Physics: Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction
Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction In electromagnetism, Faraday's law of induction describes how a changing magnetic field can induce an electric current in a circuit.
Read commentary →Physics: 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics
1915 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: Sir William Henry Bragg, William Lawrence Bragg Their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays.
Read commentary →Physics: 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics
1996 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to: David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C. Richardson Their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3.
Read commentary →Physics: Pierre Curie
Pierre Curie (1859) Pierre Curie (15 May 1859 – 19 April 1906) was a French physicist and chemist, and a pioneer in crystallography and magnetism.
Read commentary →Physics: Ferromagnetism
Ferromagnetism Ferromagnetism is a property of certain materials (such as iron) that results in a significant, observable magnetic permeability, and in many cases, a significant magnetic coercivity, allowing the material to form a permanent magnet.
Read commentary →Physics: Magnetic field
Magnetic field In electromagnetism, magnetic field is a physical property of space that quantifies the magnetic strength at a given location.
Read commentary →Physics: Magnetism
Magnetism Magnetism is the class of physical attributes that occur through a magnetic field, which allows objects to attract or repel each other.
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